commercialisation of the higher value products produced. Especially Taken together, the overall goals for development and application for the realisation of the wider bio-economy strategy, there is a need of new or improved technologies for microbial, plant and animal for developing economical and social feasibility concepts address- production systems must be: ing both single value streams and overall resource utilisation and output, including job creation aspects. •The right system used under best conditions (soil type, geography) TECHNOLOGIES AND PRIORITIES The complexity within the challenge, as well as complex interactions •Producing the optimal raw materials and ingredients with the other fi ve challenges, opens a plethora of opportunities with highest yield for specifi c needs and applications and huge potentials, but also problems and needs. The necessary multidisciplinary, cross-cutting approach to research and innovation •In the most sustainable way (environment, requires the development, acceptance, and application of new tech- climate, renewable resources) nologies where strategies and priorities from both natural and social sciences should be combined – at programme and project levels. Since neither organic farming nor the use of GMOs will provide so- lutions to all needs, research should also seriously address potential The adoption of well-established biotechnological methods (such synergies between such diverse technologies in order to utilise opti- as food irradiation and the use of GMO crops in conventional and mal fl exibility for combining key parameters in optimal production organic agriculture) and the rapidly developing systems and syn- systems. One important example would be to design more robust thetic biology tools must be approached in a pragmatic way where and less resource-demanding agricultural crops and cultivating them identifi cation and understanding of needs versus challenges requires under practises allowing for much improved recycling and preserva- the choice of optimal technologies to be used, including ethical con- tion of minerals (phosphorous, nitrogen) and carbon content in the siderations. Apart from their important future role as key enabling soil. In this context priority setting should be derived from scenario technologies, they must also be considered as key research topics analyses targeted to identify societal payoffs from proposed major enabling new fundamental discoveries. Within the comprehensive research investments. This approach should be evidence-based and bio-economy perspective, much focus should be on new processes be seen as a research task itself, not just a matter for good debate. that integrate both existing and new operations in terms of convert- ing raw materials into more fl exible output streams. Examples would With the exception of traditional fi sheries and aquaculture, the oce- be new microbial production strains, novel enzyme activities, further anic production environment for food and feed is largely untapped development and application of multivariate statistics and math- and increased consumption of seafood is expected to bring about ematical models (such as chemo-metrics and principle component health benefi ts. Exploiting marine bio-prospecting could lead to analysis) and the bio-refi nery concept for integrated production of discoveries that may fi nd applications in multiple profi table market food, feed, energy and new biomaterials. segments. In order to strengthen the supply of European marine foods, there is a need to sustainably harvest current resources, inves- Systems biology is the overall term for the scientifi c fi eld in which a tigate and utilise new marine resources, especially organisms lower holistic understanding of biological systems is being built by utilising in the food chain, and to optimise both food production systems and quantitative functional genomics and metagenomic technologies feed availability in aquaculture. A more coherent approach such as in combination with mathematics, statistics, physics and modelling integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) needs to be introduced approaches. Bioinformatics methods based on solid experimental for a sustainable use of the aquatic environment for bio-production. data are essential for modelling the dynamics of cellular processes The technologies for farming any species of fi nfi sh, crustaceans, and metabolism in biological systems, including the human body. bivalves and algae may be present, but the technology for combin- Design-oriented systems biology, utilising synergies between ing these individual production technologies has not been suffi ciently nano-science, advanced bioinformatics (in silico biology) and bio- developed yet. By considering the principles of IMTA, the surplus technological production machineries (also named synthetic biology feed and excretion products, from e.g. fi nfi sh aquaculture, are taken or technical systems biology) must be further developed. It is one of up and used by other organisms such as crustaceans, algae and the most promising approaches to realising the vision of a bio-based bivalves in a controlled and balanced ecological system. European economy, offering promising approaches to enable a sus- tainable scale-up of the development of future crop plants, cell-based The strong need for a sustainable production of signifi cantly more chemical production, bio-fuels as well as novel nano-diagnostics and biomass and a much improved utilisation of all bio-resources also medicinal compounds to an industrially viable level. addresses important challenges and huge potentials within forestry, FOOD 35
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