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tend to be caught at the national level. Dynamics impacting inclu- irrespective of the sources of threats and risks, i.e. looking inwards sion, innovation, and security cut across national, regional, Europe- for security. The only threats specifi cally hinted at are those associ- wide, global, and other levels in new ways, and societal strategies ated with border management and cyber-security, which carries have to be open to the repositioning of instruments up and down the the risk of indirectly castigating non-European migrants as the main scale – or sideways to new formats. A particular challenge regards source of insecurity. By not mentioning causes in the section on the relation between knowledge and democracy – how to make crime and terrorism, the proposal forfeits an opportunity to shape politics knowledgeable and knowledge responsive and responsible. the future. Notably, a proper security policy at the international level will be crucial in infl uencing the amount of future problems • Divergency and Diversity are redefi ning European Unity. Con- (including terrorism). Solely focusing on self-solidifi cation by making sequences of the European crises are far from equally distributed Europe’s own systems and societies more resilient is too defeatist in geographic or social terms. New, core-periphery patterns are and self-defeating – here, international analysis should be the key forming in Europe with changing connotations of both “North- to formulating effective policies for security. South” and “East-West”. The standard formula of ‘unity in diversity’ is under pressure. The question is what now unites? Inclusiveness This international example illustrates our general argument that means reducing regional disparities within and among the member research into sources of challenges and thereby into general eco- states and regions of the EU. Being an inclusive society also means nomic, social, and political transformation – which often demands having a greater level of tolerance in terms of culture and income, more abstract theory – is needed to understand the conditions for not to mention avoiding the emergence of ghettos and other disad- inclusion, innovation, and security. Research contributes to solutions vantaged areas. Inclusiveness and a resilient society mean greater in these areas both by relatively concrete instruments and practices learning, but the fi nancial and institutional conditions necessary to and, very often, by designating areas that need more political at- promote more learning are currently absent in many regions and tention because they cause exclusion, stagnation, or insecurity. especially in rural communities. Relationships with neighbouring countries are signifi cant and therefore a decline in national and TECHNOLOGIES AND PRIORITIES European peripheries should be avoided. Geographical considera- As shown in other parts of this rapport, necessary technologies tions should be an integral part of every policy fi eld, not added as often exist but implementation is impeded in both industry and an afterthought separately on regions. A vision of a better Europe a broader public by political and social issues. Here SSH can includes all citizens having command over the resources necessary contribute to handling other societal challenges by entering into to develop their lives according to their interests and values. This cooperation with researchers in the ‘hard’ sciences. Creativity requires less inequality than is currently the case and perhaps, most and innovation are fundamentally needed for all societal change. importantly, that every one has access to a job to earn a living. One Scientifi c-technological innovation can no longer be considered an essential element is that all children be given a good start to de- exogenous variable, but these black boxes can be opened in terms velop their inborn capacities in primary, secondary and if possible of the contents of patents and publications. The relationship be- tertiary education. Recent research in these key areas has come up tween academia and industry, for example, may in different fi elds with quite clear conclusions in individual fi elds that are often very be most functional at the national, micro-regional, macro-regional, poorly integrated into society-wide strategies and analyses. Future and/or trans-regional level. research has to be organised in ways that avoid disconnecting more ‘micro’ and local knowledge about, e.g. inclusion, equality, Technology is important but different fi elds and regions require and education from macro conceptions of general processes. different types of technology and have different needs. CEE countries, for example, are suffering from an informational and •Analyses and policies need to be international. The international technological divide and also from poorer accessibility to interna- level seems marginalised, still, in the current version of the docu- tional datasets, networks, etc. Isolation due to language barriers ment. Europe’s role as a global actor appears misplaced; covered must also be decreased. solely under the heading, ‘inclusion’. Bringing out explicitly how there is an international dimension to all three challenges would As noted above, social sciences and humanistic knowledge is be innovative. Particularly pressing is to get the international back often closely connected to nation-states. This challenges compara- into analysis of security policy. Section 6.3 in the Commission’s tive and cross-regional research. Initiatives like the ESS (European proposal is predominantly oriented towards security in the form of Social Survey) and EVS (European Values Study) provide European critical infrastructure protection and resilience (6.3.1 and 6.3.4), research data from surveys, but in many fi elds access to empirical which indicates a focus on strengthening of Europe’s own structures data from other regions and countries is limited. To enable social SOCIETIES 79


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