Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Flexibility Definition ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2. District Heating-Electricity Interface Fundamentals ............................................................. 3 1.3. District Heating in the Nordic and Baltic Countries.............................................................. 5 1.4. Problem Formulation and Report Structure ........................................................................ 7 2. Previous Studies on Framework Conditions for Flexibility ........................................................ 8 2.1. Framework Conditions for Combined Heat and Power ....................................................... 8 2.2. P2H and Heat Storages as Flexibility Options .................................................................... 9 2.3. Contradictory Policy Effects .............................................................................................. 10 2.4. Summing Up: Takeaways from Previous Studies ............................................................. 10 3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Definitions of Barriers and Drivers .................................................................................... 11 3.2. Survey ............................................................................................................................... 12 4. Framework Conditions ............................................................................................................ 14 4.1. Combined Heat and Power ............................................................................................... 14 4.2. Power to Heat ................................................................................................................... 16 4.3. General Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 5. Results: Drivers and Barriers for Flexibility in the District Heating-Electricity Interface ........... 22 5.1. Country Profile: Denmark .................................................................................................. 23 5.2. Country Profile: Estonia .................................................................................................... 26 5.3. Country Profile: Finland .................................................................................................... 28 5.4. Country Profile: Latvia ....................................................................................................... 30 5.5. Country Profile: Lithuania .................................................................................................. 33 5.6. Country Profile: Norway .................................................................................................... 36 5.7. Country Profile: Sweden ................................................................................................... 38 6. Comparative Analysis of Identified Drivers and Barriers for Flexibility .................................... 40 7. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 47 8. References ............................................................................................................................. 49 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Literature on Flexibility Options .................................................................................................. 52 1
WP2 DH report
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